Pregnancy and Childbirth: Fetal Growth Restriction

Causes of fetal growth restriction

Fetal growth restriction happens when a baby doesn't get enough oxygen and nutrition in the uterus. It's also called intrauterine growth restriction. Possible causes include certain health problems you may have, such as:

• High blood pressure.

• Heart disease.

• Kidney disease.

• Diabetes.

• Severe anemia.

• Sickle cell disease.

Other possible causes include the baby having:

• A genetic disorder.

• An infection.

This condition is much more likely if you:

• Smoke.

• Drink alcohol.

• Use drugs.

• Are pregnant with more than one baby.

Diagnosing fetal growth restriction

Your healthcare provider may use ultrasound exams to check your baby's growth.

During routine visits, you and your baby are closely watched. This is done with ultrasound tests. The height of your uterus (fundal height) is also measured. A baby with fetal growth restriction will have smaller ultrasound and fundal height measurements. Doppler ultrasound is used to measure the blood flow from the placenta. This is to see how well the placenta is working. You may have a test (amniocentesis) to look for a genetic problem or infection. It tests a fluid sample taken from around the baby (amniotic fluid).

Treating fetal growth restriction

The growth of a baby with this condition will be closely watched.

Treatment depends on the cause. If you smoke, drink alcohol, or use drugs, it's very important to stop. Treatment may also include:

• Self-care. Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet with a calorie intake that is advised for pregnancy. Keep all your prenatal visits with your doctor.

• Medicines. These treat health problems, such as high blood pressure.

• Early delivery. This may be needed if the baby’s health is in danger.

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment for you and your baby.

Long-term concerns

A baby diagnosed with fetal growth restriction may have health problems after birth. These include low blood sugar, trouble fighting infections, or difficulty keeping a normal body temperature. With treatment and close follow-up, babies may catch up in growth. In some cases, babies have long-term health problems. Your doctor can tell you more.